Tuesday, March 29, 2011

[EQ] Altitude, life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD and cancers

Altitude, life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD and cancers:
national population-based analysis of US counties


Majid Ezzati1,2, Mara E M Horwitz3, Deborah S K Thomas4, Ari B Friedman5, Robert Roach6, Timothy Clark7, Christopher J L Murray3, Benjamin Honigman6

 

1MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, UK

2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

3Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

4Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA

5University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

6Altitude Research Center and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

7US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center, Topographic Engineering Center, Alexandria, Virginia, USA

J Epidemiol Community Health 15 March 2011

Website: http://bit.ly/hxRDxO

Background
There is a substantial variation in life expectancy across US counties, primarily owing to differentials in chronic diseases. The authors' aim was to examine the association of life expectancy and mortality from selected diseases with altitude.

Methods
The authors used data from the National Elevation Dataset, National Center for Heath Statistics and US Census. The authors analysed the crude association of mean county altitude with life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancers, and adjusted the associations for socio-demographic factors, migration, average annual solar radiation and cumulative exposure to smoking in multivariable regressions.

Results
Counties above 1500 m had longer life expectancies than those within 100 m of sea level by 1.2–3.6 years for men and 0.5–2.5 years for women. The association between altitude and life expectancy became non-significant for women and non-significant or negative for men in multivariate analysis. After adjustment, altitude had a beneficial association with IHD mortality and harmful association with COPD, with a dose–response relationship. IHD mortality above 1000 m was 4–14 per 10000 people lower than within 100 m of sea level; COPD mortality was higher by 3–4 per 10000. The adjusted associations for stroke and cancers were not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Living at higher altitude may have a protective effect on IHD and a harmful effect on COPD. At least in part due to these two opposing effects, living at higher altitude appears to have no net effect on life expectancy.

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